建(jian)筑(zhu)領域是碳排放重點(dian)行業，建(jian)筑(zhu)全生(sheng)命周期碳排放占比超過40%。作為全球(qiu)基礎建(jian)設規模較(jiao)大(da)的(de)國(guo)家(jia)，我國(guo)建(jian)筑(zhu)垃圾總產(chan)生(sheng)量同樣(yang)位居世界前茅，“十(shi)三五”末期年產(chan)量即已超過20億噸，這(zhe)個數字也(ye)是國(guo)民(min)經(jing)濟跨越增長的(de)風向標(biao)。

　　建(jian)筑(zhu)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)的(de)簡易、無序堆填，不僅增加了生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)污染負荷、隨(sui)之(zhi)帶(dai)來一系列社(she)會附加成(cheng)本(ben)和(he)負面影響，而且(qie)忽略了其自身潛在資源價值屬性(xing)，與無廢城市和(he)綠色建(jian)造(zao)的(de)新型管理(li)理(li)念相違背。雖然建(jian)筑(zhu)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)自身成(cheng)分復雜、難(nan)于(yu)完全實現前端分類，但是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)去二十余年的(de)穩步(bu)發(fa)展，我國建(jian)筑(zhu)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)處理(li)行業已經從溝壑填埋(mai)的(de)“刀耕(geng)火種(zhong)”時代逐(zhu)步(bu)邁(mai)向了自動化生(sheng)產的(de)“新工業”時代。可以預見，“資源利用高效化”將成(cheng)為(wei)建(jian)筑(zhu)垃(la)(la)圾(ji)處理(li)領域發(fa)展過(guo)(guo)(guo)程的(de)永恒主題(ti)。

　　隨著“雙碳”戰略的(de)(de)推(tui)進，我國(guo)城鄉(xiang)建(jian)(jian)設開啟(qi)了(le)(le)以綠(lv)色(se)轉型為新篇章(zhang)。與新發展觀相適(shi)應，綠(lv)色(se)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)作為新型建(jian)(jian)造(zao)方式(shi)，貫穿了(le)(le)建(jian)(jian)材生產、建(jian)(jian)材運(yun)輸(shu)、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)行、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)拆除(chu)、廢棄物(wu)處置等六個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)。目(mu)前(qian)國(guo)內外碳減排(pai)研(yan)究主要(yao)集中(zhong)在(zai)前(qian)面四(si)個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)，對(dui)于生命周(zhou)期(qi)的(de)(de)尾聲兩個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)涉獵較少。然而(er)，正(zheng)是建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)拆除(chu)后的(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)化處理，使得建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾變(bian)為再生綠(lv)色(se)建(jian)(jian)材，不僅成為了(le)(le)綠(lv)色(se)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)的(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)基礎，而(er)且(qie)使得建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)全生命周(zhou)期(qi)的(de)(de)綠(lv)色(se)低碳循環(huan)變(bian)為了(le)(le)現實。

　　一、建筑垃圾處理與綠色建造推進

　　1. 建筑垃圾處理的發展趨勢

　　新固廢法(fa)將建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃圾從(cong)生活(huo)垃圾范疇單獨分(fen)離，也將建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃圾的環境(jing)污染(ran)防治管(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)安(an)全隱患防治管(guan)(guan)理(li)提升到新的高度，有助于促進“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃圾分(fen)類(lei)處(chu)理(li)、回(hui)收利(li)用(yong)和(he)(he)全過(guo)(guo)程管(guan)(guan)理(li)”制度和(he)(he)體系的逐步建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)，實現(xian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃圾從(cong)原來的不可控管(guan)(guan)理(li)，向“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃圾分(fen)類(lei)處(chu)理(li)、回(hui)收利(li)用(yong)和(he)(he)全過(guo)(guo)程可控管(guan)(guan)理(li)”過(guo)(guo)渡(du)，最終實現(xian)減量(liang)化(hua)、資源化(hua)、無害(hai)化(hua)的目標，不斷推進工程建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設可持續(xu)發(fa)展和(he)(he)城鄉(xiang)人居環境(jing)改(gai)善。

　　2. 建筑垃圾資源化利用對綠色建造的推動作用

　　基于綠色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)造的(de)碳減排(pai)總體(ti)路(lu)徑，我們可以從城市綠色(se)(se)(se)更(geng)新(xin)、綠色(se)(se)(se)策劃、綠色(se)(se)(se)設計、建(jian)(jian)造方(fang)式轉型升級、組織方(fang)式變革、綠色(se)(se)(se)拆除、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材(cai)料價值鏈減排(pai)、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與建(jian)(jian)材(cai)產(chan)業有(you)效(xiao)銜(xian)接(jie)、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)(hua)利用等(deng)重(zhong)點方(fang)面推進綠色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)造實(shi)(shi)施(shi)。其中(zhong)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)(hua)利用的(de)減碳效(xiao)果較為直接(jie)，是(shi)串(chuan)聯九(jiu)大(da)綠色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)造實(shi)(shi)施(shi)重(zhong)點措施(shi)的(de)關鍵技術路(lu)線。為細致分(fen)析其對(dui)綠色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)造以及減碳效(xiao)應的(de)推進作(zuo)用，有(you)必要從建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)的(de)減量化(hua)(hua)(hua)、資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)(hua)、無害化(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)方(fang)面入手，深(shen)入分(fen)析各子目標實(shi)(shi)施(shi)過程所面臨的(de)具體(ti)問題，并針對(dui)性提出實(shi)(shi)施(shi)重(zhong)點。

　　二、推進建筑垃圾減碳作用的實施重點

　　1. 減量化實施分析

　　(1)背景分析

　　建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)是綠(lv)色(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)中(zhong)節約(yue)資(zi)源和(he)(he)保護環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要內容。基(ji)于綠(lv)色(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)，貫(guan)穿綠(lv)色(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，包括工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立項(xiang)策劃、設計(ji)和(he)(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)階段(duan)。通(tong)過提(ti)出(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)方法(fa)與措施，達(da)到從源頭和(he)(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場減(jian)少(shao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。提(ti)到減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)概念，必(bi)然要聯系(xi)到“無(wu)廢(fei)(fei)城市”的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市管理(li)理(li)念，他的(de)(de)(de)(de)內在(zai)要求(qiu)即包括“持續推進固體廢(fei)(fei)物源頭減(jian)量和(he)(he)資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)，較大限度(du)減(jian)少(shao)填埋量，將固體廢(fei)(fei)物環(huan)境影響(xiang)降(jiang)至(zhi)較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市發展模式”。可(ke)以(yi)講，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推進是推動城市經濟社會全面綠(lv)色(se)轉型的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要抓(zhua)手。以(yi)減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)為(wei)抓(zhua)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)“無(wu)廢(fei)(fei)城市”建(jian)(jian)(jian)設，可(ke)有效(xiao)減(jian)少(shao)原材料和(he)(he)產(chan)品(pin)在(zai)提(ti)取(qu)、制造(zao)(zao)、運(yun)輸(shu)、分(fen)配(pei)和(he)(he)處(chu)置(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碳排放(fang)，具有減(jian)少(shao)固廢(fei)(fei)污染、提(ti)升資(zi)源利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率和(he)(he)減(jian)少(shao)碳排放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)效(xiao)果。(2)減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)實施重點開展建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，首先需(xu)要分(fen)析不同(tong)類(lei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生源、種類(lei)和(he)(he)性質——分(fen)類(lei)是減(jian)量化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)，是促進建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)處(chu)理(li)行業協同(tong)降(jiang)碳的(de)(de)(de)(de)先置(zhi)(zhi)條件。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)從源頭分(fen)類(lei)后，歸集(ji)為(wei)拆除(chu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)、裝修垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)渣(zha)土(tu)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)泥漿，應(ying)結(jie)合物料組分(fen)及(ji)當地實際(ji)情(qing)況，形(xing)成“收、運(yun)、處(chu)”一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)體系(xi)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)渣(zha)土(tu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)泥漿、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)拆除(chu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)優(you)先就地利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)，裝修垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)采用(yong)(yong)集(ji)中(zhong)處(chu)置(zhi)(zhi)模式進行資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)。各類(lei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)圾(ji)(ji)(ji)處(chu)理(li)及(ji)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)優(you)先次序宜按下表確定。

　　建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)門別類后，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)就地利(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方式可(ke)以(yi)有(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低運(yun)輸(shu)過(guo)程(cheng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳排放(fang)，同(tong)(tong)時較大程(cheng)度降(jiang)低進入(ru)終端(duan)填埋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)總(zong)量(liang)，減少(shao)碳排放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)(tong)倍增作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。目前，施(shi)(shi)工現(xian)場產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)(包(bao)括建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造作業、拆除作業等環節)占國(guo)內建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)總(zong)產(chan)量(liang)比例約(yue)70%，這(zhe)是(shi)推行減量(liang)化(hua)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心對(dui)象。而源(yuan)頭減量(liang)，是(shi)對(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)碳減排的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追本溯源(yuan)手(shou)段，其具體措施(shi)(shi)包(bao)括重(zhong)視規(gui)劃(hua)銜接(jie)、推行全過(guo)程(cheng)減量(liang)模(mo)式以(yi)及完善立(li)法(fa)保障措施(shi)(shi)。2. 資源(yuan)化(hua)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)析(1)背(bei)景分(fen)(fen)析建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)在(zai)一定程(cheng)度上(shang)決(jue)定了工藝，得到資源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，需在(zai)工藝環節上(shang)充分(fen)(fen)去除建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雜物，分(fen)(fen)離不同(tong)(tong)組分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)。不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)是(shi)不一樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而且存在(zai)著明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別，需要根據建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)及成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)針對(dui)性考慮(lv)主(zhu)導的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合利(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工藝及產(chan)品方案(an)。(2)資源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)重(zhong)點高效(xiao)資源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵在(zai)于(yu)“分(fen)(fen)類”，這(zhe)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)在(zai)對(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)組分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深刻認(ren)識，以(yi)及對(dui)我國(guo)現(xian)有(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)前端(duan)預處理(li)(li)技(ji)術發展程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)解。根據建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)類，不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)收集運(yun)輸(shu)及分(fen)(fen)類資源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方案(an)各具差異，具體如下(xia)：拆除及裝(zhuang)修(xiu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)

　　工程渣(zha)土工程渣(zha)土主要是以種植、回填、造景為主，應當(dang)在(zai)源頭就進行分流。

　　其他(ta)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)應(ying)優先考慮(lv)(lv)就地資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，在進(jin)行(xing)(xing)初(chu)步雜物(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)揀后(hou)(hou)，預(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)參照拆(chai)(chai)(chai)除(chu)(chu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。現場(chang)不(bu)具(ju)備條(tiao)件(jian)時(shi)，應(ying)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)中收運(yun)、處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)選(xuan)(xuan)擇，應(ying)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)物(wu)料(liao)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)具(ju)體(ti)情(qing)況(kuang)等(deng)因(yin)素(su)確定(ding)(ding)，可參照拆(chai)(chai)(chai)除(chu)(chu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)、裝修垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)經(jing)過(guo)初(chu)步分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類后(hou)(hou)，宜(yi)與(yu)拆(chai)(chai)(chai)除(chu)(chu)垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)、裝修垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)協同處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)漿(jiang)應(ying)優先考慮(lv)(lv)就地處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。現場(chang)不(bu)具(ju)備條(tiao)件(jian)時(shi)，應(ying)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)中收運(yun)、處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。考慮(lv)(lv)到各建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)地施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)存(cun)在較(jiao)大差異，在進(jin)行(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)漿(jiang)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)前，必須做(zuo)到溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)可查，掌握(wo)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)漿(jiang)調研(yan)檢(jian)測數據(ju)(ju);根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)后(hou)(hou)端資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要求，選(xuan)(xuan)擇是(shi)否進(jin)行(xing)(xing)砂石組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)回收處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)漿(jiang)經(jing)預(yu)(yu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后(hou)(hou)，應(ying)著(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)控制含(han)水(shui)(shui)率(lv)低于40%，物(wu)料(liao)黏度、流(liu)變性、持(chi)水(shui)(shui)性、滲透系(xi)數等(deng)核心指標(biao)得到改(gai)善后(hou)(hou)方(fang)可進(jin)行(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)續(xu)環(huan)(huan)節處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)置。3. 無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)實施(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(1)背(bei)景分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)“無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)(gen)本目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，也是(shi)總(zong)體(ti)要求。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)從產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、收集(ji)(ji)、運(yun)輸到減(jian)(jian)量(liang)、再利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)、再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)、回收利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)都必須遵(zun)循這一要求。“減(jian)(jian)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”和(he)(he)“資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)“無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要手段，“減(jian)(jian)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”、“資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”必須服從并(bing)服務(wu)于“無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”這個根(gen)(gen)木目(mu)標(biao)。只有(you)滿足“無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)“減(jian)(jian)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”和(he)(he)“資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”才是(shi)真正(zheng)意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)“減(jian)(jian)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”和(he)(he)“資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”，否則不(bu)過(guo)是(shi)偷換概念，實質(zhi)(zhi)上對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)境造(zao)(zao)成次(ci)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)危害(hai)(hai)。(2)無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)實施(shi)(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點實現建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)，首(shou)先應(ying)對建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)拆(chai)(chai)(chai)除(chu)(chu)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)、構成及性質(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)。結合(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)特點，采(cai)取不(bu)同處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)后(hou)(hou)，無(wu)(wu)法進(jin)行(xing)(xing)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)可以(yi)考慮(lv)(lv)無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)填埋處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)、拆(chai)(chai)(chai)除(chu)(chu)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)、拆(chai)(chai)(chai)除(chu)(chu)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)應(ying)遵(zun)循城市整體(ti)規劃(hua)、城市環(huan)(huan)境衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)專項規劃(hua)等(deng)相(xiang)關(guan)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)，并(bing)結合(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)類別(bie)、產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)量(liang)選(xuan)(xuan)擇適宜(yi)收集(ji)(ji)、運(yun)輸及處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。在當(dang)地條(tiao)件(jian)允許(xu)情(qing)況(kuang)下，應(ying)優先選(xuan)(xuan)擇資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)、拆(chai)(chai)(chai)除(chu)(chu)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑垃(la)(la)(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)選(xuan)(xuan)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)危險廢棄(qi)物(wu)應(ying)于廠(場(chang))內指定(ding)(ding)區域集(ji)(ji)中暫存(cun)，定(ding)(ding)期(qi)交(jiao)由有(you)資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)企業統一運(yun)輸、處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)置。產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)惰性物(wu)、含(han)粉塵廢氣、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廢水(shui)(shui)等(deng)，應(ying)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)當(dang)地環(huan)(huan)保排放要求，選(xuan)(xuan)擇適宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)技術，推薦采(cai)用(yong)(yong)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)填埋處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)渣土(tu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)漿(jiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)渣土(tu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)漿(jiang)，應(ying)達到可溯(su)源(yuan)(yuan)要求，并(bing)對來源(yuan)(yuan)地區地質(zhi)(zhi)構造(zao)(zao)、地理(li)(li)環(huan)(huan)境等(deng)條(tiao)件(jian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)資(zi)料(liao)收集(ji)(ji)及初(chu)步分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)，掌握(wo)土(tu)樣調研(yan)檢(jian)測數據(ju)(ju)，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點了解含(han)砂率(lv)及含(han)水(shui)(shui)率(lv)等(deng)相(xiang)關(guan)指標(biao)。

　　含砂(sha)率(lv)超(chao)過35%的原料(liao)，進(jin)(jin)廠后必須進(jin)(jin)行(xing)預(yu)處(chu)理(li)以(yi)回收砂(sha)石(shi)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)，剩(sheng)余(yu)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)經(jing)預(yu)處(chu)理(li)后，應(ying)改善高(gao)(gao)含水率(lv)、高(gao)(gao)黏(nian)度、易流變(bian)、高(gao)(gao)持水性和低滲透(tou)系數(shu)等特性，方(fang)(fang)可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)后續環節處(chu)置(zhi)。結(jie)合當地(di)規劃(hua)、環保(bao)等相(xiang)關部門要求，改性后物料(liao)應(ying)優先(xian)考慮(lv)資(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)利用方(fang)(fang)式，鼓勵(li)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)再生建(jian)材產(chan)品制(zhi)備生產(chan)。確(que)受(shou)當地(di)產(chan)業政策限(xian)制(zhi)或項目所(suo)在地(di)無條(tiao)件進(jin)(jin)行(xing)資(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)利用時，應(ying)確(que)保(bao)改性物料(liao)各力(li)學指標符(fu)合相(xiang)關要求，方(fang)(fang)可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)堆(dui)填、作為(wei)覆(fu)蓋用土以(yi)及填埋處(chu)置(zhi)等處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)式。

　　三、典型建筑垃圾資源化處理項目的減碳效果分析

　　1. 評價對象

　　本(ben)研究的(de)評價對象為(wei)襄陽(yang)市某年(nian)處理(li)(li)50萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t的(de)典型(xing)建筑垃(la)圾(ji)資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)處理(li)(li)項目，總投資(zi)約3.2億(yi)元，年(nian)產(chan)再生(sheng)(sheng)壓制磚100萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m2，再生(sheng)(sheng)無機混合料(liao)(liao)20萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t，再生(sheng)(sheng)混凝土50萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3，剩余再生(sheng)(sheng)骨料(liao)(liao)2.24萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t，回收金屬0.57萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t。建筑垃(la)圾(ji)廠內資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)處理(li)(li)環節(jie)，年(nian)外購水(shui)泥(ni)及(ji)添(tian)加(jia)劑14.51萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t，外購天(tian)然砂(sha)(sha)石(shi)料(liao)(liao)48.33萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t，消耗(hao)電力(li)(li)615.23萬(wan)(wan)(wan)kWh、柴(chai)油180t、自來(lai)水(shui)19.19萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3。2. 碳(tan)排放量(liang)計算建筑垃(la)圾(ji)處理(li)(li)項目每年(nian)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)碳(tan)排放包括(kuo)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃料(liao)(liao)燃燒產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)排放(柴(chai)油消耗(hao)量(liang)180t)、凈購入(ru)電力(li)(li)消耗(hao)隱含(han)的(de)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)排放(電力(li)(li)消耗(hao)615.23萬(wan)(wan)(wan)kWh)和原材料(liao)(liao)使用隱含(han)的(de)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)排放(外購水(shui)泥(ni)及(ji)添(tian)加(jia)劑14.51萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t、外購天(tian)然砂(sha)(sha)石(shi)料(liao)(liao)48.33萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t、自來(lai)水(shui)19.19萬(wan)(wan)(wan)m3)。通過計算，本(ben)項目運營(ying)期年(nian)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)排放量(liang)為(wei)11.31萬(wan)(wan)(wan)t。

　　注：表中上標表示數據(ju)來源(yuan)，其中a為(wei)《工業(ye)其他行業(ye)企業(ye)溫室氣體排(pai)放核(he)算方法(fa)與報告(gao)指南(nan)》;b為(wei)《中國電力(li)統計年鑒2020》各類電廠電耗(hao)數據(ju)加權(quan)平(ping)均得到;c為(wei)《建筑(zhu)碳排(pai)放計算標準》GB/T51366-2019。

　　3. 碳(tan)(tan)減排量(liang)計算本文(wen)采用“有無(wu)對(dui)比”分析法，計算該(gai)建筑垃圾(ji)資源(yuan)化(hua)處理(li)項目的二(er)(er)氧化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)減排量(liang)。在“無(wu)項目”情(qing)境下，采用傳(chuan)統工藝生產前節所(suo)述的壓制磚、無(wu)機混(hun)合(he)料、商品混(hun)凝(ning)土、骨料、金屬(shu)等產品，需(xu)要年排放二(er)(er)氧化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)46.19萬t。

　　注(zhu)：表中數據(ju)來源為《建筑碳排(pai)放計算標準》GB/T51366-2019。

　　根(gen)據前(qian)述計算分析，“無項(xiang)目”情(qing)景(jing)下(xia)年二(er)氧(yang)化碳總(zong)排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)46.19萬(wan)t，“有項(xiang)目”情(qing)景(jing)下(xia)年二(er)氧(yang)化碳總(zong)排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)11.31萬(wan)t，不考慮泄露排(pai)放(fang)等(deng)極端情(qing)況，該建筑(zhu)垃圾(ji)資源化利(li)用項(xiang)目實施后，年二(er)氧(yang)化碳減(jian)排(pai)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)達到34.88萬(wan)t。該項(xiang)目年均處理建筑(zhu)垃圾(ji)50萬(wan)t，則每綜合利(li)用1t建筑(zhu)垃圾(ji)可(ke)減(jian)少(shao)二(er)氧(yang)化碳排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)(liang)約0.698t。

　　四、結論

　　1. 基(ji)于綠色建造(zao)的碳減排(pai)總體路徑，建筑垃圾資源化(hua)利用的減碳效果較為直接，是串聯九大綠色建造(zao)實(shi)施(shi)重點措施(shi)的關鍵技術路線。

　　2. 為(wei)細致(zhi)分(fen)析其(qi)對(dui)(dui)綠(lv)色(se)建造以及減(jian)(jian)碳效應的(de)推進(jin)作(zuo)用，有必要從建筑垃圾(ji)的(de)減(jian)(jian)量(liang)化、資源(yuan)化、無(wu)害化等(deng)方面入手，深入分(fen)析各子(zi)目標實施過(guo)(guo)程所面臨的(de)具體問(wen)題，并(bing)針對(dui)(dui)性(xing)提出實施重點。3. 建筑垃圾(ji)資源(yuan)化處(chu)理技術具有顯(xian)著的(de)碳減(jian)(jian)排(pai)效益，本文(wen)(wen)通過(guo)(guo)“有無(wu)對(dui)(dui)比(bi)”方法對(dui)(dui)具體項目進(jin)行(xing)了碳減(jian)(jian)排(pai)定量(liang)測算，發(fa)(fa)現每綜合利用1t建筑垃圾(ji)可減(jian)(jian)少二(er)氧化碳排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)約0.698t。4. 本文(wen)(wen)研究結論對(dui)(dui)于建筑垃圾(ji)處(chu)理領域進(jin)行(xing)碳減(jian)(jian)排(pai)、深入研究關(guan)鍵環(huan)節的(de)碳排(pai)放(fang)核(he)算機理具有重要參考(kao)作(zuo)用，有助(zhu)于提高行(xing)業資源(yuan)利用效率、完(wan)善綠(lv)色(se)低碳循(xun)環(huan)發(fa)(fa)展體系。